This book documents and compares the social organization and academic arrangement of instruction in two remaining modern public one-teacher schools in rural Nebraska. Neither school is an educational intervention and both stand far removed from reform consciousness in both the minds of reformers and in those of the people who inhabit them. Each school s teacher does what comes naturally to her or him and the two teacher engage in remarkable distinct practices. One creates an especially efficient form of traditional conservative teaching that echoes strongly the old country school recitation. The other sees his work as encouraging his students to think and has created a conversation-based pedagogy to achieve this. For both teachers the school size and rural circumstance play into what they believe they can and cannot do and profoundly shape their teaching practices. This book asks simply: How do the teachers in these small schools manage to teach? The research reported here is concerned with how teachers and students organize themselves and do school that is small is scale. If school size is emerging as some important variable in student achievement and school improvement an